Report on Wind cave, Crater lake, Sullys hill, and Platt national parks, Casa Grande ruin and Minnesota national forest reserve

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REPORT ON

WIND CAVE, CRATER LAKE, SULLYS HILL, AND
PLATT NAltPNAL PARKS, CASA GRANDE
RUIN AND MINNESOTA NATIONAL ^r,

FOREST RESERVE

1908

COMPILED IN THE OFFICE OF

THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR

WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1909

El i^o
rus87

, 25 1909

/

REPORT ON WLND CAVE, CRATER LAKE, SULLYS HILL, AND
PLATT NATIONAL PARKS, CASA GRANDE HUIN, AND MINNE-
SOTA NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE.

AVIND CAVK NATIONAL PARK.

By the act of Congress approved January 9, 1903 (32 Stat., 765) ;
a tract of land containing 10,522 acres in the State of South Dakota,
12 miles east of the town of Hot Springs and the same distance south-
east of Custer, was reserved and withdrawn from settlement, entry,
sale, and other disposition, and set apart as a public park, to be
known as the " Wind Cave National Park."

The park is placed under the exclusive control of the Secretary of
the Interior, who, among other things, is authorized to prescribe
rules and regulations and establish such service as may be deemed
necessary in its management and protection, and, in his discretion,
to rent or lease the cave from wdiich the park takes its name, and
also parcels of land for the erection of buildings for the accommo-
dation of visitors. The fund arising from such rentals is covered
into the Treasury and made available for expenditure in the care and
improvement of the park.

At the time of the creation of the ]Dark there were 10 entries cover-
ing lands therein, aggregating 1,519.15 acres, 5 of which, covering
799.76 acres, have since been canceled, and the remaining 5 entries
have been found proper in all respects and patents issued therefor,
as follows :

NE. i NW. i aud NW. i NE. h sec. 35, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., Black Hills lueriaian ;
Jonathan C. West ; F. C. 3003, patented December 31, 1904 ; SO acres.

SE. i NE. J and lots 1 aud 2, sec. 2, T. 6 S., R. 5 E. ; George A. Stabler ; F. C.
2666; patented September 11, 1905; 159.39 acres.

SE. i, sec. 2, same township and range; Susanna D. McDonald; C. E. 3770;
patented December 10, 1S95 ; 160 acres.

NE. i, sec. 11, same township and range; Kate M. Stabler; F. C. 2600; pat-
ented September 26, 1902 ; 160 acres.

XW. i, sec. 12, same township and range; Margarethe Dreukhahn; F. 0.
2434 ; patented May 8, 1901 ; 160 acres.

This gives a total of 719.39 acres for patented lands remaining in
the park, which, for administrative purposes, should be eliminated
through appropriation by Congress for their purchase.

The State of South Dakota has completed making lieu selections
of lands outside the park for school sections 16 and 36, located within
the reservation, granted by the statehood act of February 20, 1899
(25 Stat., 676).

Mr. Seth Bullock, now marshal for the district of South Dakota,
with the consent of the Attorney-General, has been continued in
general charge of the reservation, in an advisory capacity, and the

3

4 XATTONAL PARKS.

superintendent, JNIr. William A. Rankin, confers with him in regard
to its administration. This course has aided very much in the
effective management during the jDast season.

A revocable privilege has been granted to the wife of the super-
intendent, in the absence of other accommodations in the park, to
furnish meals to tourists at 50 cents each, which service has proved
very satisfactory in the past. The superintendent recommends that
the old building heretofore occupied for serving these meals, which
was constructed in 18<<)3 by John Stabler and sons, and is now in a
ver}' dilapidated condition, be torn down and removed. He suggests
that some one willing to construct a good, substantial hotel in the
park be given the privilege to do so.

During the season eight permits were granted for the transporta-
tion of passengers in and through the reservation, at the rate of $50
per vehicle, such fee being charged in the case of liverymen, outfitters,
and others operating for proMt. One of these permits Avas for auto-
mobile transportation.

No applications were received for the driving of cattle or other
stock through the park.

The first regulations for the government of the Wind Cave Na-
tional Park were promulgated June 10, 1908, and provide, among
other things, as follows :

1. It is forbidden to remove or injure the specimens or formation in and
around the Wind Cave, or to deface tlie same by written inscription or other-
wise, or to injure or disturb iu any manner or carry off any of the mineral
depo'sits, specimens, natural curiosities, or wonders on the government lands
within the parlv.

2. No person shall be permitted to enter the cave unless accompanied by the
superintendent or other park employee, or by competent guides.

Regulations corresponding to those heretofore issued for the other
national parks, providing for the impounding of loose live stock
found in the Wind Cave National Park, were also promulgated.
Settlers and stock owners in the vicinity have protested against the
execution of such regulations, claiming that the}^ have alwaj's used
the park lands as a free range, and, as the park is not fenced, would
find it very difficult to keep their stock outside of the boundaries.
Such persons were given a reasonable time to remove the trespassing
stock, and the enforcement of the impounding regulations was tem-
porarily suspended.

It will apparently be necessary to construct a fence entirely around
the park as a protective measure against trespassing stock, and an
appropriation for such purpose is recommended.

There have been no forest fires in or near the park during the year.

Wild animals are quite numerous, especially the prairie wolf.
Others are the black-tail deer, white-tail deer, badger, prairie dog,
skunks, squirrels, and porcupine, the last named doing a great deal
of damage to trees. There are also a few grouse, quail, ducks, and
numbers of hawks, eagles, robins, thrushes, Avoodpeckers, and
magpies.

About $1,500 was expended during the past fiscal year for improve-
ments as follows: Repairing roads and bridges, repairing fences,
leveling up trails in Wind Cave and repairing stairs, opening up new
chambers in the cave, purchase of flag and flagstaff, etc.

It is reported that the roads to the southern entrance are in good
condition, but need widening out to allow room for the passing of

NATIONAL PAEKS. 5

teams. The bridges are also in fair condition, but the superintend-
ent suggests the use of buihling stone to be found in the park for
replacing the piling under the spans Avith stone abutments.

During the year the registry of visitors to the park showed a total
of 3,171, an increase of 420 over the number of tourists in 1907.
None of this number camped in the reservation for more than
one day.

An estimate for an appropriation of $5,400 for the protection and
improvement of the park has been submitted to Congress. This in-
cludes salary of the superintendent and $2,800, the estimated cost
of fencing the park to prevent depredations by live stock.

CRATER LAKE KATIO?<^AL PARK.

By the act of Congress approved May 22, 1902 (32 Stat., 202), the
tract of land bounded on the north bj^ the parallel 43° 4' north lati-
tude, south by 42° 48' north latitude, east by the meridian 122° west
longitude, and west by the meridian 122° 16' west longitude, having
an area of 249 square miles, or 159,360 acres, in the State of Oregon,
and including Crater Lake, was reserved and withdrawn from settle-
ment, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and
dedicated and set apart forever as a public park or pleasure ground
for the benefit of the people, to be known as " Crater Lake Nationml
Park."

The act setting aside these lands for park purposes differed from
legislation creating other national parks in that it provided, among
other things, that the reservation should be open " to the location of
mining claims and the working of the same." It was not believed,
however, to be the purpose of this provision to extend the mining
laws to the reservation without limitation, but only to authorize the
location and working of mining claims therein in such manner as not
to interfere with or prejudicially affect the general purpose for
which the reservation was established. The regulations for the gov-
ernment of the park, which were reissued June 10, 1908, clearly define
the conditions under which this privilege is to be exercised.

The Geological Survey has, at the request of this department,
undertaken a topographic resurvey of this reservation, with a view to
securing, for administrative purposes, a map which Avill be authentic
in every particular.

Since the date of the superintendent's last report, various improve-
ment work on buildings and fences was completed, also the installa-
tion of the hydraulic ram for pumping water to the superintendent's
office and residence, and the making of a ditch to carry off the waste
water from the ram and for irrigating the surrounding grounds.

Upon the approach of the winter season, in November, the boat on
Crater Lake and all tools and implements were properly housed, the
flooring was removed from bridges, and the fences braced to with-
stand the weight of the heavy snows, which commonly fall to a depth
of 6 or 8 feet at the south line of the park and from 12 to 20 feet
at the superintendent's residence. November 22, 1907, the superin-
tendent and his family left the reservation. ])ut a few visits were
made thereto during the winter months.

In ]\fay of the present year the superintendent returned to his
residence in the parlc. finding all ]iro]-)orty in good condition with

6 NATIONAL PAEKS.

the exception of the barn, Avhich had been injured bj' the wind or
lightning. Park Ranger H. E. Momyer was employed to assist in
the management of the reservation during the tourist months.

Work was then inaugurated on improvements, Tavo temporary
structures were erected for the use of workmen, roads and trails to a
total of about 20 miles repaired and improved, the barn repaired,
and about 2 miles of fence constructed to inclose pasture and meadow
lands. The roofs of buildings are made with three-fourths pitch in
order that the snow ma}^ slide off instead of crushing them in.

The road system is as follows: One road entering the park at the
southern boundary and running in a northwesterly direction along
the Anna Creek Canj^on a distance of 8 miles, and terminating at
the Crater Lake post-office; a second entering the reservation from
the west, running in a due easterly direction, and terminating at the
same point; and a third beginning at the post-office and running
northeasterly a distance of 5 miles to the rim of the crater. These
have been kept in good condition for travel bj^ all kinds of vehicles,
but the superintendent reports that further improvements, such as
widening, straightening, and providing turnouts, are necessar3^

There are four trails in the park at the present time; one leading
from the rim of the crater down to the waters of Crater Lake, with a
descent of 901 feet in a distance of 2,3G5 feet; one from the super-
mtendent's headquarters to the pinnacles on Sand .Creek and Mount
Scott, and trails from headquarters to Union Peak and Bybee Creek.
The first-mentioned trail is m.uch used by visitors, and it is important
that it be kept continually in a good condition. Iron posts and 2,400
feet of cable were purchased last 5^ear for the improvement of this
trail, but the small appropriation for the current year would not per-
mit of the utilization of such material, and only temporarj^ repairs
could be made. The other trails are at present little more than mere
tracks of horses from one point to another.

The superintendent suggests that the trail to Sand Creek and Mount
Scott should be speedily converted into a good wagon road, to fill
the demand of visitors that the beautiful scenery be made accessible ;
also that new trails be constructed along the rim of the crater to the
Watchman and Glacier Peak, and from the present wagon road to
the crater, to Crater Peak, and down along Sun Creek.

At the time of the creation of the park there were 15 land entries,
covering 2.305.33 acres, 12 of Avhich, totaling 1,014:.22 acres, have been
patented; homestead entry No. 2415 (160 acres), of John Fitzgerald,
for S. 1 N. 1 of sec. 17, t. 32 S., R. 7^ E., was canceled by General
Land Office letter of November 13, 1908; homestead entries Nos.
2620 and 2660, of John Wallace Dickey and Louis Stanosheck, total-
ing 321.11 acres, are still intact upon the General Land Office records
pending report from the local land office on adverse proceedings
brought against the same. Included in the total of 2,395.33 acres
is a considerable portion of homestead entry No. 2415 and timber
land entries Nos. 2116 and 2120 (now patented), which extend be-
yond the park boundary line.

The title of the State of Oregon to school sections 16 and 36 within
the park boundaries had been extinguished before the creation of
the reservation, bv selection of other land in lieu thereof, except a
tract containing 192.20 acres in the N. | of sec. 16, T. 32 S., R. 7| E.,
which has since been disposed of by the State to private parties.

\

II

NATIONAL PARKS. 7

The department recommends the condemnation and purchase of all
private claims with a Adew to better administration. The superin-
tendent believes that in the near future summer resort homes may
be established upon such lands, which will increase the difficulties
of administration and also add to the aggregate sum which the Gov-
ernment will eventually have to pay the owners.

The following permits were issued during the season for the driv-
ing of stock through the park : In May to Henry Gordon, 250 head,
en route to Fort Klamath; in August to A. V. Morrison, of Trail,
Oreg., 12 head, but the stock has not yet been taken through; and
in September to J. C. Pelton & Co., 100 head, en route from Prospect
to Fort Klamath, which stock also failed to pass through.

The number of valuable game animals appears to be increasing.
Deer and black bears, lynx and coyotes were plentiful during the
]3ast summer, and panthers were seen in small numbers. There have
been no depredations b}- these predatory animals. Of the smaller
game and birds, there are squirrels, chipmunks, pine martins, fishers,
grouse, timber pheasants, oriole, black-headed jay, camp robber or
Rocky Mountain jay, and the snowbird. Broods of young ducks
have been observed upon Crater Lake, also flocks of wild ducks rest-
ing from their migratory flights, but it is thought tlie elevation of
the lake, 6,177 feet above sea level, gives a climate too cold for the
natural habitat of wild waterfowl. When the snow falls, all game
animals, with possibly the exception of the black bear and small fur-
bearing animals, as well as all birds, migrate to a lower and warmer
climate. In view of the fact that no wintering grounds are now
available in the park, the superintendent recommends the extension
of the park boundaries to include a lower section of the country on
the slope of the Cascade Mountains, to afford the necessary protec-
tion to game.

Fishing has been permitted in Crater Lake from July 1 to Septem-
ber 30 with hook and line, each person being limited to five fish in one
day. The only species in Crater Lake are the rainbow and lake
trout; there were no fish in the lake naturall}^, but these were planted
about twenty years ago, and the increase has not been encouraging.
In Anna Creek, below the falls, there is the Dolly Varden trout.
There are no fish in the other park waters, and the Secretary of
Commerce and Labor has been requested to investigate the condi-
tions, and if practicable have the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries
supply some good varieties for Crater Lake and all other waters in
Crater Lake National Park.

No forest fires have been rejDorted during the past year, with the
exception of a small one which started in the vicinity of the Pinnacles
on Sand Creek about September 1. This was gotten under control
and extinguished before it had gained much headway.

Accommodations are provided for tourists by Mr. Will G. Steel,
of Portland, Oreg., under license from this department, at camps
maintained near the suiDerintendent's residence and at the lake. Ap-
proximately 500 persons were cared for during 1908, but few of this
number came into the reservation by the transportation service
operated by Mr. Steel, the great majority using private conveyances.
In connection with the wagon transportation and camp privilege
Mr. Steel was also permitted to place a gasoline launch and a number
of rowboats upon the lake.

8 NATIONAL PARKS.

A registration book was kept to ascertain the number of visitors
to the park, but for various reasons not half of the number were
registered. The approximate total for the season, including campers
and transient tourists, has been placed at 5,275, which would indicate
that the popularity of the park is increasing from j^ear to year.

Estimates have been submitted to Congress for the ensuing fiscal
year, as follows: Salaries of superintendent and two temporary park
rangers, and allowance to superintendent for the keep of one horse,
$1,965; construction and repair of roads and trails, $15,800; con-
struction and repair of bridges, $2,500; miscellaneous, $1,480; total,
$21,745.

SUIiT^YS HILL PARK.

This reservation, set aside by executive proclamation dated June
2, 1904, under the act approved April 27, 1904 (33 Stat., 319), con-
tains about 780 acres. It is located on the south shore of Devils Lake,
North Dakota, having about 2 miles of shore line, with its western
boundary 1 mile east of the Fort Totten Indian School. Inasmuch as
no appropriation has been made for the care and protection of this
reservation Mr. Charles M. Ziebach, in charge of the Indian Indus-
trial School, Fort Totten, has been continued as acting superinten-
dent, and required to exercise the necessary supervision and control
over the same until appropriation is made therefor by Congress.

The tract is well wooded and has an ample supply of water and
many rugged hills, among which, on the western boundary, lies what
is known as " Sullys Hill." In the southwestern part is a small body
of water known as " Sweet Water Lake," west of which the surface
is generally level and the soil good.

Approximately 50 persons camped in the park for three days or
more during the past summer, and 200 spent one day in sight-seeing.

The steamboat landing is at least 2 miles from the park, and the
acting superintendent recommends the building of a dock to allow
boats to land within the park limits, to make it more accessible for
visitors. Until this in done, as well as repair work upon roads, con-
struction of new ones, the walling up of springs, etc., the reservation
is not likely to be patronized to any extent. There are no buildings
or improvements of any 'kind in the park.

An estimate for an appropriation of $3,000 for the protection and
improvement of the park has been submitted to Congi'ess.

PLATT NATIONAL PARK.

By the acts of Congress of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat., G41), and April
21, 1904 (33 Stat., 220), 629.33 and 218.89 acres, respectively, at the
town of Sulphur, Okla. (then Indian Territory), were segregated as
the " Sulphur Springs Reservation," which designation, by joint
resolution approved June 29, 1906, was changed to " Piatt National
Park."

The park, with a total area of 848.22 acres, extends in irregular
form a distance of approximately 3 miles from northeast to south-
west along Sulphur Creek, including a portion of Eock Creek, which
empties into Sulphur Creek, and has a circuit of 9 miles.

Within the park are 33 known mineral and 2 nonmineral springs.
The principal groups are the Bromide and Bromide-Sulphur springs

NATIONAL PAEKS. 9

in the southwestern part of the park. Beach and Pavilion springs in
the northwestern corner, and the Wilson group in the southern part.
Sulphur springs predominate, but there are also bromide, soda, and
iron varieties. The Antelope and Buffalo springs, nonmineral in
character, are situated at the extreme northeastern end of the Piatt
National Park, with an elevation of 1,083 feet above sea level, and an
approximate discharge of 5,000,000 gallons daily into Sulphur Greek.
The following is a statement of the mineral springs which have
been to some extent developed and improved, together with the esti-
mated daily flow in each case :

Gallons.

Bromide Springs (3) 275

Bromide-Siilplanr 250

Taff or Black Sulphur 500

Hillside 120,600

Pavilion Springs (7) 200,600

Beach Springs (3) 125,000

Wilson 1,000

Jericho 200

The amount of water per capita used on the premises, or taken
away for individual use, averages one-half gallon dail}^ This
statement applies to all but the Wilson and Jericho springs, from
which the amount taken is inconsiderable.

Regulations for the park were j)romulgated by the department
June 10, 1908, those theretofore in force having been found totally
inadequate to properly protect the park. Section 5 provides as
follows :

No person shall remove from any of the bromide, iron, or soda springs more
than one gallon of water in any one day, nor remove from any of the other
springs more than five gallons in any one day, nor shall any water be taken
therefrom for commercial purposes except in jjursiiance of a license issued
by the Secretary of the Interior. Whenever in his judgment the circumstances
warrant, the superintendent may prohibit the use of the waters of any of the
springs in the park other than for immediate drinking purposes at such springs,
the facts in such case to be reported to the Secretary of the Interior.

In spite of all efforts to prevent it, the superintendent reports tliat
small quantities of water have been taken surreptitiously from the
Bromide, Beach, and Pavilion springs. Xo water has been taken
by permission for commercial purposes. On account of the popularity
of Bromide Spring, and the small daily flow^, it has been necessary
to restrict the amount of water which can be taken by each individual,
and early in the fiscal year a watchman was placed at this point to
oversee the distribution of the water and maintain order in the
vicinity.

The number of arrests for all causes was 11, the cases being dis-
posed of as follows : Bound over to await action of grand jury, 2 ;
convictions, 2; expulsions from park, 2; admonished and discharged.
7. The authority given under the new regulations is broader than
before, and furnishes the means for punishing or restraining a certain
lawless element in the vicinity of the park. The Department of
Justice, upon the request of the Interior Department, appointed
Mr. G. E. Nicholson as a United States commissioner, to reside at
Sulphur, Okla., and persons violating the rules and regulations can
now be brought before him and, if the offense warrants, be bound
over for the action of the grand jury, which meets only at points re-
mote from the park; this is a great improvement and the effect

71424—09 2

10 NATIONAL PAKKS.

should be saliitnry. The departiiieiit has been advised of attempts
to bhickuiail ])eihoiis in the Piatt National Park, impersonation of
officers and threats against the lives of the rangers becanse of the
enforcement of the regulations, and such cases have been brought
to the attention of the United States attorney for the eastern dis-
trict of Oklahoma,

The superintendent's office and residence buildings have been con-
nected by telephone with the quarters of the employees in different
portions of the park, a chain of incandescent lights was installed in
West Central Park, and the work of protecting the park from dam-
age, nuisances, and forest fires has thereby become more effective.

Approximately 6.000 head of domestic animals were driven
through the park in the daytime. Stockmen, when marketing their
animals during <he extreme hot weather of summer, usually make
night drives, intending to reach Sulphur in time to ship early the
following day. The number given does not include the herds passing
at a late hour in the night. The time of the park rangers has been
largely taken up in removing trespassing live stock from the park.
A few dairymen and stock owners living near by have made a prac-
tice for years of allov/ing their animals to graze therein, and have
resented all efforts to prevent them. The number of domestic ani-
mals driven off of the reservation was, by actual count, 11,041, and to
perform such service the rangers rode 4,398 miles. To overcome this
undesirable condition the dej^artment recently authorized the con-
struction of a suitable fence to inclose the Piatt National Park, at an
approximate cost of $2,500, provision to be made for suitable open-
ings, etc.. and lanes crossing the reservation, and work on such
improvements is practically completed.

The superintendent reports that special j^ains have been taken to
protect the animals and birds and to prevent abuses of the privilege
of fishing in the park. Fishing is now permitted with hook and line,
and this privilege appears to have popularized the resort to a con-
siderable extent. The following species of animals, birds, and fishes
make the park their home: A few wolves and wald cats, rabbits,
squirrels, badgers, porcupines: quail- in great abundance, redbirds,
larks, doves, blackbirds, and common varieties, blue jays, mocking
birds, snipe, pigeons, plover, birds of paradise, robins, yellow-ham-
mers, kingfishers, hawks, and eagles: black bass, a few trout and red
horse, sunfish, suckers, and catfish. The pure cold water of Sulphur
Creek is reported as especially adapted to the propagation of the
more desirable species of edible fish, such as trout and black bass.
The stocking of such stream with these species would no doubt add
to the attractiveness of the park. The Secretary of Commerce and
Labor has been requested to investigate the conditions, and, if prac-
ticable, stock Sulphur Creek with some good varieties of fish from
the Bureau of Fish and Fisheries.

Besides the office building of the superintendent, there are 5 resi-
dence buildings for employees and 5 pavilions, the latter located at
Bromide. Hillside, and Seven springs, and at an artificial spring near
the " Vendome." There are 10 rest houses near the more frequented
springs in West Central Park and on the public camp grounds.
Most of the buildings and a few of the pavilions are in need of repairs
and painting.

NATIONAL. PAKKS. 11

The superintendent has submitted an estimate of $250 for deflect-
ina: the course of the road which now crosses the park at its widest
point, so as to give an easier grade, obviate the expenditure of over
$600 for a culvert at Sulphur Run, and abate the dust nuisance at
the springs and the residence of the superintendent. The present
grade of this road is G per cent in certain portions ; it washes badly
and requires frequent repairs. The construction of the " Brookside "
trail, which meanders along Sulphur Creek, crossing and recrossing
in the vicinity of the principal falls, has made this the second greatest
thoroughfare of the park.

The success of the wire suspension bridge recently constructed at
Bromide Springs exceeds the expectations of its most enthusiastic
advocates. It carries an average of 500 persons daily, and during
the three months of its constant use has not needed a moment's care
or attention. The superintendent reports receiving an inquiry from
London in regard to it. The Davis Avenue Bridge, upon which
certain temporary repairs were made last winter, is again sagging
and becoming unsafe. The department has authorized preliminary
work on the construction of a suitable bridge to replace this struc-
ture, and also to place a stone arch bridge with turret effects across
SuljDhur Creek, in West Central Park. The estimated cost of these
two bridges is from $10,000 to $11,000.

The salaries of the park force aggregated $5,780 for the fiscal year
ended June 30. 1908. The following improvements, repairs, etc.,
were made during the same period : Improvement of springs, creeks,
fords, falls, etc.. $1,057.74; construction and repair of bridges,
$1,213.58; surveys for sanitary sewer, $761.90; domestic water sup-
ply, $674.09; repairs to buildings, $590.67; filling holes, removing
debris and underbrush, mowing weeds, and construction of trail,
$429.89; and miscellaneous service, repairs, etc., $607.07, a total of
$5,334.94.

The Bland Hotel, which was appraised and paid for by the Gov-
ernment under the act of April 21, 1904, after the segregation of the
lands now included in the park, w^as this year purchased and removed
by C. E. Higinbotham, of Sulphur, the contract price being $7,011.
It had become dilapidated and a danger to visitors.

Efforts have been made by the department to secure proposals for
privileges in the park, for the convenience of the public, but, although
the field appears to be a very promising one for privileges such as
rowboats on Eock Creek; refreshment stands, including the sale of
cigars, daily papers, souvenirs, etc. ; making and selling photographs;
and the taking of water from the Beach or other mineral springs for
bottling, shipment, or sale; only three licenses have been granted —
one for a refreshment stand, to W. O. Bourland, at a nominal rental
for the first year, and two photographic privileges, the latter not in-
cluding the occupation of any ground in the park. These were issued
at the beginning of the current fiscal year, and no other meritorious
applications for concessions have been received. Within the past t^vo
years the mineral waters were shipped from Sulphur in considerable
quantities, and fair prices realized, and there is apparently no reason
for thinking that the demand has diminished, if we consider the
reputation which some of the springs have gained for their medicinal
qualities.

12 NATIONAL PARKS.

The revenues for the year were practically nothing, if the sale
of the Bland Hotel be excepted. The balance available July 1, 1908,.
for protection, preservation, and improvement of the Piatt National
Park, was $27,777.30. It is probable that the current year will
reduce the available funds to about $5,000.

Estimates were submitted to Congress last year for the construc-
tion of a sewer system, with laterals to intersect others connecting
with the city of Sulphur's system to carry off of the reservation the
drainage and sewage, which, owing to the topographic conditions,
now run into and contaminate the creeks and springs of the park.
The approximate cost of the work is $30,000, of which the city should
be required to pay one-half. No appropriation was made, and the
matter has again been presented in the estimates for the next fiscal

In 1907 the city of Sulphur was granted temporary permission
to take water from Sulphur Creek, just below what is known as
" Little Niagara," a cascade, for domestic water supply and fire pro-
tection, to the extent of 100,000 gallons of water daily. The pro-
vision was made that the city should construct a 500,000-gallon
storage reservoir outside the park limits, but this requirement has
not yet been complied with. It is stated that the city is in financial
straits, can not get the money to make such improvements, and will
endeavor to have Congress authorize the use of this water perma-
nently and with less restrictions.

Approximately 25,000 persons coming by rail and 1,000 by wagon,
the latter camping for three days or more, have visited the park
during the past fiscal year. As shown by the records at Bromide
Springs, the attendance there was 106,332, and no record was main-
tained for the first two months of the year. Many of these were
citizens of Sulphur, visiting the springs each day, who were counted
each time. Although no record was kept at other springs, it is
probable that there was a still greater attendance at the Pavilion
Springs, which are somewhat closer to the city.

The season opened later than usual, notwithstanding which the
number of visitors exceeded all previous records. The park and the
city of Sulphur have recognized advantages for the holding of gen-
eral conventions, religious, educational, fraternal, and other gather-
ings. These assemblages have been permitted during the past year
to occupy suitable grounds for the purpose in East Central Park,
after receiving permission from the superintendent, which is granted
under certain restrictions imposed by the department for the welfare
of the park. The accommodations have repeatedly been taxed to
the utmost.

A topographic survey of the Piatt National Park, which will show
the location of springs, the drainage, etc., has been inaugurated
by the Geological Survey at the instance of the department, with a
view to the production of complete and authentic maps of the reser-
vation for administrative purposes. The name of Sulphur Creek
has, by authority of the United States Board on Geographic Names,
been changed to " Travertine."

In addition to matters heretofore covered, the superintendent
makes the following recommendations :

A stone and iron building of two rooms near the superintendent's
office for a calaboose, or holdover, for men and women arrested and
awaiting trial before the United States commissioner.

NATIONAL PAEKS. 13

An electric-light plant for the park, operated by water power from
Antelope and Buffalo springs.

A fish hatchery near the head of Sulphur Creek.

The employment of a scientific forester for the reforestation of
denuded portions of the park.

The establishment of a summer camp for a squadron of cavalry
from Fort Sill or some other convenient military post.

The expenses attendant upon the management of this reservation,
and the carrying into effect of necessary improvements to springs
and roads, and the construction of bridges, etc., have so depleted the
park revenues that an appropriation by Congress in the near future
will be absolutely necessary. No appropriation has heretofore been
made for the park, but an estimate for the protection and improve-
ment thereof for the fiscal year -ending June 30, 1910, in the sum of
$20,000, has been submitted to Congress.

CASA GRANDE RUIN.

This reservation is located near Florence, Ariz., about 18 miles
northeast of Casa Grande station, on the Southern Pacific Eailroad,
and contains about 480 acres. It was set aside by executive order
dated June 22, 1892, under the act approved March 2, 1889 (25 Stat.,
961).

Casa Grande is an Indian ruin of undetermined antiquity, which
was discovered in 1694 by Padre Kino, a Jesuit missionary. This
great house is said to be the most important ruin of its tyire in the
Southwest, and as such it has strong claims for archseological study,
repair, and permanent preservation. It is built of puddled clay,
molded into walls and dried in the sun, and is of perishable character.
The main building was originally five or six stories high and cov-
ered a space 59 feet by 43 feet 3 inches. The walls have been gradu-
ally disintegrating, owing to the action of the elements, A corru-
gated iron roof has heretofore been erected over this building to pro-
tect it, so far as practicable, from farther decay.

Surrounding Casa Grande proper is a rectangular walled inclosure
or " compouncT," having an area of about 2 acres. In this inclosure,
which has been called " Compound A," there have recently been ex-
cavated a number of buildings or clusters of rooms, and others are
known to exist which have not yet been excavated. Two other com-
pounds have been discovered and designated, respectively, " Com-
pound B " and " Compound C," The former lias been the scene of
operations during the past 3^ear, but the latter has not jet been ex-
cavated and is still in the form of a mound. The three compounds
together constitute what is known as the " Casa Grande " group of
ruins.

The custodian, Mr. Frank Pinkley, who resides on the reservation,
reports that the ground plan of the ruins was increased by some
57 or 58 rooms, a number o:^ large plazas, and surrounding walls,
making the total number of rooms now open on the ground floor over
a hundred, and as the result of the last two winters' work by Doctor
Fewkes, of the Bureau of Ethnology, the points of interest to visitors
have been materially increased.

Mr. Pinkley recommends that appropriation be secured for the
erection of a museum building near the Kuins to shelter the results

14 NATIONAL PARKS.

of future excavcations, and to place the household utensils, war and
agricultural instruments, and other objects belonging to the pre-
historic people in proper relation to the architecture and environ-
ment, to facilitate the study, from a scientist's point of view, of any-
one phase of the aboriginal life.

There are to the east of the Casa Grande Ruin two other groups of
ruins, which the custodian reports are on land thrown open to settle-
ment, and one of which is endangered by the proposed construction
of a railroad, and he suggests that such ruins be added by Congress
to the reservation now existing.

An appropriation of $3,000 was made in the sundry civil act of
March 4, 1907, for the excavation of the Casa Grande Ruin, to be
expended under the supervision of the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution.

The following excerpt has been furnished by the Secretary of
the Smithsonian Institution, from the report of Dr. J. "Walter
Fewkes, on the excavation and repair work at Casa Grande Ruin, in
1907-8 :

During the last year the appropriation for the continuance of the excavation
and repair of Casa Grande, in Pinal County, Ariz., was disbursed by the Smith-
sonian Institution, through Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of American
Ethnology. A teehuicnl reiiort on the scientific les-^iilts of this work will be pub-
lished later by the institution. A few general results that are of popular inter-
est from the educational point of view are here briefly considered.

The excavation and repair work at this ruin was done mainly by Pima
Indians living on the adjacent reservation. The distribution of an appropriation
of this size among Indian laborers was important in its economic as well as its
educational aspect. It not only gave them employment, but also increased their
self-respect by stimulating a lasting interest in their land and history.

The work at Casa Grande revealed the important fact that there were many
more prehistoric buildings on the reservation than were suspected when it was
set aside for the piotection of the ruin. The facts discovered by excavations
point to a large ancient population and to the great antiquity of some of the
buildings lately brought to light. The plain around the historic Casa Grande
was once dotted with large buildings constructed by a prehistoric race, scat-
tered among which were clusters of houses like Mexican jacales, in which the
people lived. Habitations with walls supported by upright logs apparently
formerlj- lined the banks of a network of irrigation ditches and fringed the
large i-eservoirs or wells. The humble dwellings of the people once inhabiting
Casa Grande are now represented for the greater part only by mounds that
rise a few feet above the plain, while of the art remains of the ancient occu-
pants there are few traces except fragments of pottery strewn over the surface
of the plain. This condition of prehistoric human life about Casa Grande
appears to have been not unlike that found in ancient Mexico. Large pyramids,
foundations of temples, and massive walled buildings devoted to public pur-
poses towered above the lowly habitations of the people. These latter have
disappeared; the verj^ massive character of the former has led to their
preservation.

These great buildings devoted to public purposes, as temples, granaries, or cita-
dels, in this "prehistoric city of the desert" belong to characteristic structures
of the Gila Valley called " compounds." A typical compound is a rectangular
area generally oriented about north and south, surrounded by thick walls built
of concrete (caleche) inclosing plazas, courts, large houses, and, as we now know,
from excavations of the last year, small fragile-walled habitations like " jacales,"
in which the common people lived. Casa Grande had at least five, possibly six,
of these compounds in its neighborhood, scattered over the reservation a few
hundred feet apart. Each of the different compounds has its characteristic
arrangement of rooms, so distinctive that one is tempted to ascribe to these
buildings separate functions, to people them with sociological divisions of the
tribe, or to refer them to priesthoods having somewhat different rituals. Near
these larger compounds there have been discovered smaller buildings with many
rooms, inaptly designated as " clan houses," evidentlj' constructed for specific
purposes, possibly ceremonial in nature.

LE 0 '09

NATION" AL PARKS. 15

The work at Casa Grande in 1907-8 began with the excavation ancT repair of
compound B (PI. I), situated over 800 feet north of compound A (PI. II), the
scene of arcliteological activity in the previous year. The general appearance of
compound B before work on it began suggested to several observers two pyramidal
mounds resting on a more or less rectangular platform. These mounds and
platform were surrounded by other mounds, which investigation has determined
to be piles of debris, chance accumulations of earth, possibly refuse of the pre-
historic buildings of the neighboring compound.

The mounds were supposed to cover houses like Casa Grande, the rooms of
which were filled with fallen walls and drifting sand, but this supposition could
be proven only by excavations. The results (PI; I) show that the pyramidal
mounds were artificial foundations for rooms, and that they were formed by
accumulations of earth deposited during many years.

The discovery that the pyramidal mounds of compound B were stratified, or
that they were built up in stages, as the presence of parallel floors alternating
with debris clearly shows, is regarded as an important contribution to our
knowledge of their antiquity. It appears from the evidence that the pyramids
were formed in the following manner : In the earliest epoch houses occupied part
of the areas now covered by the two great pyramids. These houses had cement
floors and walls supported by upright logs. After a time the walls of these
habitations fell, covering their floors to the height of 2 or 3 feet. Upon this
fallen mass later was built another series of houses, each with a cemented floor,
fireplace, and upright logs supporting walls. In course of time these walls, like
their predecessors, fell, covering the second tier of houses. This process went
on for years, and we are now able to trace five well-plastered floors one above
the other, separating by hardened clay the fallen remains of the house walls.
Toward the top of the pyramids the thickness of the deposit between successive
floors diminishes, but the floors at this altitude are better preserved.

If we had some time standard by which the ages of the successive strata of
fallen debris between the floors could be measured, it would be possible to calcu-
late the age of these pyramids, but at present no criterion of this kind is avail-
able. Serving as borders of these pyramids there is a double wall, or rather
one massive wall within another, forming a terrace reminding one of a step in an
ancient Mexican temple foundation.

Two kinds of rooms occur in compound B — those with massive walls and
others with fragile walls supported by upright logs. The latter type of rooms
may be still further divided into two groups, those above ground and those
below, dugouts or subterranean in construction.

The rooms with massive walls in this inclosure. as in compound A, served as
temples, granaries for storage of corn, or citadels for protection from foes ; the
houses with fragile walls resemble in construction some of the historic liabita-
tions of Pimas and Papagos. Previous to the excavation work last winter rooms
of this kind had never been recognized within the Casa Grande compounds, or
in their neighborhood. It is probable that clusters of these habitations dotted
the whole extent of the plain now embraced in the Casa Grande Reservation.

Both thick-walled rooms and those with more perishable walls supported by
upright logs are found mainly in the plazas, but the latter occur also on top of
the pyramids.

The typical habitation of the common people of Casa Grande was rectangular
in form. Midway in the length of the cemented floor is a circular depression
filled with wood ashes and called the " fire hole." Nothing remains of the walls
of these rooms but their foundations, imperfectly held together by more or less
decayed vertical logs, the mud or clay with which the interstices between the
logs were filled having fallen on the floor. As one or more of the logs belonging
in front of the fireplace are generally missing., it is thought that this indicates a
break in the wall, and that the entrance of the room was situated about the
middle of the long side. ' When these houses were deserted their walls fell as
soon as their supports decayed, but the former positions of the supporting logs
are indicated by holes containing sand or decayed wood.

That the outlines of the ancient dwellings might not be lost, new logs were
substituted for these in their former holes.

The discovery that the habitations of the ancient people of Casa Grande were
to all intents culturally the same as modern Pimas and Papagos is believed to
be an important contribution to the problem of the kinship of the former in-
habitants of the Casa Grande compounds. The objection has always been raised
to the theory that the Pimas were descendants of the inhabitants of Casa Grande,
that the former when discovered lived in small buildings like jaeales, while

16 NATIOXAL PARKS.

the latter, from what archfeology tanght, dwelt in massive houses. Evidence
was unearthed at Casa Grande that the people of compound B had dwellings not
unlike the Indians of Tiuia stock who inhabited the Gila Valley at the advent
of the Spaniards.

The discovery of subterranean rooms in compound B is a novel and most
instructive one. These rooms were made by excavating a square or retangular
hole in the ground, plastering its sides for the walls and its bottom for a floor.
One of those rooms lies directly under the foundations of the east wall of the
compound a short distance from the northeast angle. This room has a smoothly
plastered floor in which is a fire hole. Evidently this subterranean room was
built, inhabited, and deserted before the wall of the compound above it was con-
structed. In order to preserve the evidence of subterranean rooms under walls
of the compound, supports were built below the wall and a roof was placed
above it to protect it from the rain. This roof is shown in Plate I near the
right-hand angle of the bird's-eye view of the compound.

On the west side of compound B, where the bounding wall is highest, a
row of shallow pits was discovered at a depth of 7 feet below the original
surface. From their appearance there can hardly be a doubt that the caleche
or clay used in the construction of the walls was mixed in these pits, and their
occurrence below the foundations of the west wall shows that it was constructed
after the remaining boundary of the compound.

The terraced form of the pyramids recalls that of the foundations of Mexican
temples, and is one of many indications of a southern relationship of the build-
ers of the desert cities of the Gila.

Wooden steps were conveniently placed at certain places, so that a visitor can
easily mount the pyramids and examine the various rooms. A bridge connecting
the top of the west wall of the compound and the neighboring refuse heap ena-
bles one to see the many ancient pits used for mixing concrete found along the
foundation of the west wall. Labels were placed at certain places to guide
visitors, and a large placard containing historical data was also posted for
their information.

The inhabitants of Casa Grande disposed of their dead in two ways — by
cremation and by inhumation in their rooms. Both methods of burial occur in
compound B. Skeletons of infants were found in rooms on top of the larger
pyramids, and bones of adults occurred under a few feet of soil at the southern
end of the compound. In the level space between the extramural mound and
a few feet from the north wall of the compound there was brought into view by
the spade a vase covered with a thin saucer or plate. This vessel was full of
calcined human bones, some of which were well enough preserved to enable one
to determine that they belonged to an adult.

Compound C lies due west of compound B, and is oriented in the same gen-
eral direction. It has a massive surrounding wall but no central temple or
citadel. Apparently the whole iuclosure was occupied by perishable dwellings
of late construction.

To the east of compound B, about equidistant with compound C, where was
formerly a low mound on which grew scrubby greasewood bushes, there was
■discovered a rectangular building, the central temple or citadel of compound
D. On excavation the mound resolved itself into a massive walled building not
unlike some of the buildings in compound A. On one of the highest walls black
paintings of human hands were still visible.

The most successful excavation and repair work of the winter was done on
the mounds which have been given the name " clan house A," situated 750 feet
east of compound A. When work began in this vicinity two large mounds were
visible among the mesquite trees, but there were no walls above ground.

The excavations at this point ^-evealed the foundations and walls of a rec-
tangular building (PI. II) ll.S feet long by 50 feet wide, containing 11 rooms,
a central plaza, and annex on the south side. This annex is comi)osod of 2
rooms, one of which contained a tomb made of concrete placed on a raised
platform. In this receptacle were bones and mortuary offerings, indicating a
man of importance, possibly a chief priest. The adjacent walls were decorated
with colored figures representing birds. The main part of the building ex-
tended east and west and contained 11 rooms, the same number that originally
existed in the historic building, Casa Grande. On the south side there were 5
rooms, on the north 4, and on the west 1. The most centrally placed I'oom, which
had the highest walls, differs from all others in this particular: In the middle
there stood a high-backed seat made of concrete. It is suspected that this seat
was occupied by the chief priest during ceremonies.

NATIOXAL PAKKS. ' 17

Fragments of a low Avail were brought to light near thi8 great building iu
such positions that it is suspected that this was the citadel of another com-
pound, the boundary wall of which is yet to be traced.

The base of all walls, both inside and outside, of compound A and clan house
A were carefully protected with Portland cement and ditches were dug to
carry away the excess of water from their foundations.

A few hundred feet north of compound A is an oval depression surrounded
by a low bank which has been the cause of some speculation. Some archjeol-
ogists suppose this bank covered walls of a building, others that it is an
oval ruin with hidden rooms. The theory that it was a place for thrashing
wheat with horses has had advocates. The excavations of the past year show
that the bank is constructed of sand and is without walls, indicating that the
depression was a reservoir or well.

It was a custom of the Papagos and Pimas a generation ago, and even now
in the southern part of the Territory of Arizona, to roast mescal plants iu
huge subterranean pits by means of stones heated in great fires. This custom
was not unknown at Casa Grande and several of these roasting places have
been excavated and labeled for the information of visitors.

The aim of all excavation and repair work at Casa Grande was to increase
the educational value of the ruin. It was the hope to make it more attractive
to visitors and at the same time to protect its walls for posterity.

Casa Grande in its present condition is a type ruin illustrating the archi-
tectural features of the great houses of the Gila and Salt River Valleys. By
an examination of the repaired structures one can get a good idea of the main
characteristics of the architecture prevalent iu one of the great prehistoric
culture areas of the Southwest.

No appropriation for improvements or excavations ^yas made for
the fiscal year 1909, but an estimate of appropriation in the sum of
$2,500 has been submitted to Congress, for the construction of a
building for custodian's quarters and the exhibition of archaeological
specimens, to cover the fiscal year 1910, expenditures thereof to be
under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior.

MINJ^ESOTA NATIOiS^AI. FOREST RESERVE IN MINNESOTA

The act of January 14, 1889 (25 Stat., 643), entitled "An act for
the relief and civilization of the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota "
provided for the sale of the lands ceded by the Indians as " pine
lands " and " agricultural lands " for the benefit of the Indians.

The act of June 27, 1902 (32 Stat.. 400), amendatory of the act of
January 14, 1889, makes provision for the examination and classifi-
cation of the lands and for the sale of timber on the pine lands, in
connection with which are the following provisos :

That in cutting the timber on two hundred, thousand acres of the pine lands,
to be selected as soon as practicable by the Forester of the Department of
Agriculture. Avith the apiu-oval of the Secretary of the Interior, on the follow-
ing reservations, to wit, Chippewas of the Mississippi, Leech Lake, Cass Lake,
and Winnebigoshish, which said lands so selected shall be known and herein-
after described as "forestry lands," the purchaser shall be required to leave
standing five per centum of the pine timber thereon for the purpose of re-
forestation, as hereinafter provided, said five per centum to be selected and
reserved in such manner and under such rules and regulations as may be
prescribed by the Forester of the Department of Agriculture and approved by
the Secretary of the Interior: Provided further, That there shall be reserved
from sale or settlement the timber and land on the islands In Cass Lake and
in Leech Lake, and not less than one hundred and sixty acres at the extremity
of Sugar Point, on Leech Lake, and the peninsula known as Pine Point, on
which the new Leech Lake Agency is now located, which peninsula approxi-
mates seven thousand acres, and in addition thereto ten sections in area on said
reservations last' aforesaid, to be selected by the Forester of the Department

18 NATIONAL PAKKS.

of AErriciilture, icHh the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, in lots not
less than three hundred and ticenty acres each in contiguous areas, aud noth-
ing herein ct ntained shall interfere with the allotments to the Indians hereto-
fore and hereafter made. The islands in Cass and Leech lakes and the laud
reserved at Sugar Point and Pine Point Peninsula shall remain as Indian
land under the control of the Department of the Interior.

After prescribing certain conditions to be imposed upon purchasers
of such timber, and laying doAvn rules for scaling the timber cut, it
is provided as follows :

After the merchantable pine timber on any tract, subdivision, or lot shall
have been removed, such tract, subdivision, or lot shall, except on the forestry
lands aforesaid, for the purposes of this act, be classed and treated as agri-
cultural lands, and shall be opened to homestead entry in accordance with the
provisions of this act : Provided, That on the forestry lauds aforesaid, as soon
as the merchantable pine timber now thereon shall have been removed from
any tract, subdivision, or lot, as herein provided, such tract, subdivision, or lot
shall, without further act, resolution, or proclamation, forthwith become and
be part of a forest reserve, tlie same as though set apart by proclamation
of the President in accordance with the act of Congress approved March
third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and subsequent laws amending and
suppkmenting tlie same, and shall be managed and protected in accordance
with their provisions and the rules and regulations made and to be made
in furtherance thereof: And provided further, That on said forestry lands
aforesaid said pine timber shall be cut clean, except as to the five per centum
as hereinbefore provided, and removed under the supervision and direction
of the Forester of the Department cf Agriculture, in accordance witli rules
and regulations to be prescribed by him aud appi-oved by the Secretary of the
Interior, and the said Forester shall have power at all times to patrol and
protect said lands aud forests, aud to enforce all rules and regulations made
\ by him as aforesaid.

In July of 1903, the Department of Agriculture called attention
to the necessity for the patrol and protection of the ten sections of
land reserved from sale and expressed doubt as to which of the two
departments. Agriculture or Interior, had jurisdiction in the matter.
Subsequently it was determined that the Secretary of the Interior
was charged with administration and protection of said lands and
according!}^, under date of August 28, 1903, the Commissioner of^
the General Land Office was advised as follows :

These lands were ceded by the Indians charged with a trust for their own
benefit and, by the act of January 14, 1889, were to be disposed of for their
benefit pursuant to the terms of the cession. In so far as the amendatory act,
of June 27, 1002, operates to divert either the lands or the timber thereon fromi
the uses contemplated by the agreement of cession, it must receive a strict
construction, as being in derogation of the express dedication of the lands to
a specific trust. These ten sections are not a part of or classed with the two
hujidred thousand acres of land specifically designated to constitute a forest
reserve. There is no declaration or provision bringing them within the de-
scriptive phrase " forestry lands," used in the act. They are a part of " the
timber and land " which are " reserved from sale or settlement." It is not
specified that they " shall remain as Indian land under the control of the
Department of the Interior," as is done iu respect to the islands in Cass and
Leech lakes and the tracts at Sugar Point and Pine Point, but, as pointed out,
they are not within the forest reserve provision of the act, and no other dis-
posal of them is made or direction given for their care or protection. The
mere reservation of these lauds from sale for an indefinite period and for an ;
undeclared purpose does not take them out of the class of Indian trust lauds,
nor does it transfer the care and control of them from this department.

Neither the mauuer of their selection, which is to be " with the approval of
the Secretary of the Interior," nor any other provision of law relating to these
lauds can be construed as implying an intention to remove them from the con-
trol of this department. The jurisdiction over these lands remains where it
was before their reservation from sale or settlement.

NATIONAL PAEKS. 19

If it be deemed necessary that special precaution be taken for the protection
of these lauds you will consider the matter and submit a plan with a draft of
rules iind regulations, if that be necessary. If upon consideration your office is
of opinion that additional legislation is needed, you will so report with recom-
mendation as to the form of such legislation.

You submit a further question, not referred to bj' the Forester of the Agri-
cultural Department, as to .iurisdiction over the " forestry lands " after they
shall have become a part of the forest reserve. As soon as the timber is
I'emoved from any tract of these lands that tract becomes at once a part of the
forest reserve, the same as though set apart by proclamation of the President
under the act of March 3, 1S91 (26 Stat., 1095, 1103), and subsequent laws
amending and supplementing the same, " and shall be managed and protected in
accordance with their provision, and the rules and regulations made and to be
made in furtherance thereof." Forest reserves set apart under said act are
under the jurisdiction of and managed and protected under rules and regula-
tions prescribed by this department. This provision clearly devolves the man-
agement and protection of tracts that become a part of a forest reserve upon
this department. Immediately following that is a further proviso which pre-
scribes that the timber on the forestry lands shall be cut and removed under
the supervision find direction of the Forester of the Department of Agriculture
" in accordance with rules and regulations to be prescribed by him and approved
by the Secretary of the Interior, and the said Forester shall have power at ;ill
times to patrol and protect said lands and forests, and to enforce all rules and
regulations made by him as aforesaid." The rules and regulations the Forester
is thus authorized to enforce are those relating to the removal of timber from
said land which are subject to approval by the Secretary of the Interior, and
the whole tenor of this proviso shows that it was intended to relate to the time
during which the timber is being cut and removed and that it was not intended
to interfere with the preceding proviso, placing said lands in a forest reserve
subject to the control of this department. This conclusion is further supported
by a subsequent paragraph of said act which provides for the appointment by
the Secretary of the Interior of a superintendent and assistants and defines
their duties as follows:

'• Whose duties .shall be to supervise the cutting and scaling of the timber
sold under the provisions of this act and to see that the rules and regulations
prescribed by the Forester and the Secretary of the Interior are complied with,
and generally to perform such services in and about the sale of the pine timber
on said lauds, and the cutting of the same therefrom, and the care and pro-
tection of all timber on said lands, as may be required of them by said Forester
and said Secretary."

After a careful consideration of the various provisions of the law in ques-
tion, the department is of opinion that the duiy of managing and protect-
ing these forestry lands after they shall have become a part of a forest reserve
rests icith this department. Whatever is to be done by the Forester of the
Department of Agriculture in respect to the timber on these lands, both as to
the cutting and removal thereof and as to the care and preservation of that
left standing for the purpose of reforestation, is to be done in cooperation with
this department and 'with the approval thereof.

Mr. Henry Page, custodian of the Minnesota National Forest Re-
serve, or the " Ten Sections National Forest," Minnesota, as it is other-
wise known, submits the following report of operations during the
fiscal 3'ear ended June 30, 1908 :

Number fires covering more than one acre 5

Number fires covering less than one acre 12

Total number fires 17

Estimated number of acres burned over 170

Total expenses incurred for assistance in extinguishing forest fires on

the Ten Sections National Forest $20. 00

In addition to this, much valuable assistance was given in extinguishing fires
above enumerated by the available forces under the supervision of William O'Neil,
superintendent of logging, and Supervisor G. E. Marshall, of the Forest Service.
There were also many fires put out just as they had started to burn by forest-

20 NATIONAL PARKS.

service patrol along the Great Northern Railway right of way between Cass
Lake and Cuba, not enumerated above.

Under authority of the act of Juno 21. 1006 (;]4 Stat., 351). bids were called
for covering the sale of all merchantable down pine timber and firewood on the
" Ten Sections." No bids were received for the firewood. Bids were received
for the merchantable down timber as follows, viz :

(1) Burlington Lumber Company, $9.20 i)er M for white pine, $8.20 per M for

nory jiino. Bid was for all nicrchantrble down timber on the "Ten Sec-
tions." Certifietl check for $3,445.02.

(2) H. R. King, $6 per M for white pine, $6 per M for nory pine. Bid was for

ail mei'cliantable down tinilter on the "Ten Sections." Certified check
f(ir $2.4G(i.(iO.

(3) J. Neils Lumber Company, $9.10 per M for white pine, $9.10 per M for

nory pine. Bid was for all merchantable down timber on the " Ten Sec-
tions." Certified check. $3,741.01.

The bid of the J. Neils Lumber Company wiis accepted, and on January 20,
1908, said company, through its contractor, George Cochran, commenced logging
operations on said purchase, and operations are still in progress, but will be
completed before the expiration of the contract, which allows until September
1, 1908, in which to complete the cutting and removal of the down timber. One
scaler has been employed on this work since January 23, 190S, at a salary of
$90 per month and his actual necessary traveling expenses. In addition to scal-
ing, he has been required to remain with the sawyers to see that no green tim-
ber w^as cut.

There has been cut and scaled on this purchase, to June 30, 1908 :

Feet.

White pine 522, 390

Nory pine 2, G30, 840

Total 3, 153, 230

Average number logs to the thousand feet, 12.9 + .

Total value of timber to June 30, 1908, w^as $28,694.42, of which all has been
paid in, except the scale bill for June, 1908, amounting to $3,806.71, which
amount is not due until August 14, 1908.

The salary of scaler employed, January 23, 1908, to June 30, 1908, amounts
to $390, with no traveling expenses so far as reported to me.

Owing to the fact that stubs and rampikes were not included in the estimate
of the down timber on the "'Ten Sections," also to the fact that the purchaser
contracted the cutting and delivery of this timber at a stipulated price per
log, instead of per thousand, the usual way of letting contracts, which brings
in every piece of timber with 10 feet or more of merchantable timber in it, a
considerable portion of which would not be considered merchantable timber
by any lumberman, there will be quite a large overrun. The contract as let
by Mr. Neils has resulted in the removal of a large quantity of stuff which would
not have been removed if under a contract by the thousand feet, and has
helped materially in cleaning up the land. In order to get the logs out to the
lake or railroad, it was necessary to brush out roads, and it is now possible,
as a result, to travel with a horse and buggy on every subdivision included
in the Ten Sections National Forest, except two, as far as the work has pro-
gressed up to this tim.e.

The work so far has been done in a satisfactory and creditable manner by
the contractor, and I believe he is endeavoring to live up to all the provisions
of his contract.

By the act of March 3, 1908, entitled "An act amending the act of
January 14, 1889, and acts amendatory thereof, and for other pur-
poses," the land embraced in the Ten Sections National Forest, above
mentioned, was made a part of a national forest in Minnesota, estab-
lished by said act, and the supervision thereof transferred to the
Secretary of Agriculture.

W9T

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